Social Learning in the Animal Kingdom   

• How does an animal know if an unknown substance is safe to consume? Animals do not always learn by making mistakes. Sometimes, the safest way to understand a new environment is to watch what others are doing. Scientists call this social learning, a process in which animals learn by observing, hearing, following, or interacting with others. A review published in Biological Reviews explains that this behavior is not limited to animals that live in large groups. It has been reported in insects, fish, frogs, mammals, and birds. Animals may use social information to find food, avoid danger, choose mates, or move through unfamiliar places. In birds, scientists first studied this idea mostly through song. Many young birds do not simply sing perfectly from birth. They listen to adults, practice, and slowly adjust their sounds. But birds may learn much more than melodies. Research has found evidence that some species can learn about food, foraging techniques, threats, nest building, migration, and other forms of communication through social interaction. Another study published in PLOS Biology offers a clear example. In it, researchers observed wild cockatoos in Sydney, Australia, and tested whether they could learn that unfamiliar, colored almonds were safe to eat. At first, only a few trained birds ate them. Then others began to copy the behavior. Within 10 days, 349 of the 705 marked cockatoos had learned to eat the new food. The study also suggested that some almond-opening techniques spread through social connections. In other words, the birds were not only noticing what to eat, but also how others handled it. This does not mean every species has a “culture” in the human sense. But in some cases, learned behaviors can become local traditions. For conservationists, the loss of experienced animals can also mean the loss of useful knowledge, such as how to find food, avoid danger, or adapt to changing environments. May For The Teen Times teen/1779087314/1613367687